European and Asian languages have one mother tongue.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23496-european-and-asian-languages-have-one-mother-tongue.html
We are more connected than you think. Seven families of languages across the Eurasian continent, containing tongues as diverse as modern Inuit, Dravidian, Japanese, Greek and Hungarian, evolved from a single language that existed around the time of the last ice age. That's the conclusion of research that has traced linguistics thousands of years deeper into the past than was previously thought possible.
The evolution of language is thought to have much in common with biological evolution. Scientists look for similarities between languages that hint at a common ancestor. Just as a fused bone or an extra finger in two species could suggest they shared a common ancestor, two words that have the same meaning and a similar sound in different languages – known as cognates – may indicate the same thing. For example, "brother" in English, "bhratar" in Sanskrit, "frater" in Latin and "frère" in French are all cognates.
Identifying cognates has helped linguists categorize modern languages into families that evolved from the same protolanguage. English, Swedish and Farsi are all part of the Indo-European language family that is thought to descend from proto-Indo-European, whereas Finnish and Hungarian are thought to descend from proto-Uralic.
But could most of the protolanguages on the Eurasian continent and even across the Bering Strait into Alaska be part of a superfamily that descended from a more ancient mother tongue – proto-Eurasian (see map)?
This idea has been knocking around for almost a century, says Mark Pagel at the University of Reading in the UK. "It's kind of an obvious idea – Eurasia is this contiguous landmass, and similar proposals have been made about the protolanguages of Australia and North America."
However, the existence of super families has, until now, been extremely hard to prove. Changes in languages pile up over time, so the further back you go, the fewer cognates there are to compare. What's more, similarities can arise purely by chance. Many researchers do not believe languages can be traced back further than about 8000 years.
"That's the argument that there's a limit on the time for which we can go back in historical linguistics," says Quentin Atkinson from the University of Auckland in New Zealand.
But now Pagel, Atkinson and colleagues have smashed through that limit, travelling further back in time than linguists have ever done before. They say that not only do their results suggest that the Eurasian superfamily exists, but that they have also been able to mathematically deduce its evolution.
The key to the breakthrough was the team's discovery in 2007 that the form of frequently used words evolves at a much slower pace than less common words. These conserved words, the team reasoned, were more likely to retain traces of their ancestry than words that evolved rapidly.
They then used this idea to predict which words in a database of Eurasian protolanguages were cognates, removing words that looked and sounded similar but were not high-frequency words. This eliminated fluke similarities.
The team then ran a list of these cognates – such as those meaning "I", "mother", "hand" and "fire" – through a statistical model that deduced the relationship between the words based on how quickly they changed with time. This gave a tree of the Eurasian superfamily whose common ancestor can be traced back 15,000 years.
"We found it remarkable that we got this 15,000-year result because it coincides beautifully with the retreat of the ice sheets after the last glacial maximum," says Pagel. "One realistic scenario is that the tree represents the expansion of human populations as the climate improved and more people could be supported."
Luisa Miceli, a historical linguist at the University of Western Australia in Perth, agrees that the result proves that the languages are closely connected, but she suggests they might be neighbours rather than siblings – with the words borrowed from one another rather than being true cognates.
However, she says the interesting questions about what factors were associated with the spread of these languages do not depend on whether they were part of a true superfamily or simply sets of languages that were in contact.
All Indian languages is the major contributor for English language .Languages of India are divided into two large groups, the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages, with a smaller number of languages belonging to unrelated phyla such as Tibeto-Burman.
Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India . Sanskrit considered as mother of all languages ,presently not considered as living language
Sanskrit words :
Tulu words :
Casu = Cash
Coir = kayaru for rope
Chutney = Chutney
Chipu = chip
Hatti = Hut
Copara =copra[coconut kernel]
one = onje
Gunni = Gunny bag
Sarpa = Serpent
Mongoose= mangoose
Lootunu =Loot
Siku = Sick
bouti = bounty
Poodei = Powder
Maruna katte =Market
Bottli = Bottle
Dockey = Dock
Bucke = Bucket
chitee= chit
Kautt = Cult
Beedi = beedi
Badu = Budd
mast = most
Mangey= monkey
Iilla = villa
Gu-well = well
Goli = Goal
Kappee = Coffee
Theaku = Teak
keyla = key
Atta = Attic
Soabunu = Soap
mastri = mason
achary[proffesional] = archery
Saheenu = Sign[signature]
choilly= chill, chilly
adeca =areca
kandu = land
Tary = fry
gajju = glass
mipeu =wipe
baine = pain
guoump =group
nailu= nail
barchu = brush
challel= squirrel
headae = head
Ladu= laddoo
kabadi/kabaddi = kabadi
pandal = pendal ,tent
coolie = estate labourer
Kajehup = ketchup
Citara = Guitar
Paplekaye =papaya
Bigele = whisile
bolu = bald
maruna-katte = market
Bangle= Banglow
po = go
Mardu =medic ,medicine
beeju = breeze
Cheerata = Cheeta
Sukare = Sugar
gaindu= gain
bare = bare
Petta[domestic animal = Pet
maida= maize
jenu hanny= honey
pathalla =patch
botate = potato
lootu = loot
repu =reap
popa =papa
rakusa = rukus
conttoo - cotton
wound - wound
showkey - showcase
bitae [beetae] - bit
kone - cone [shape]
sarpa - serpent
kesae - case
Journal reference: PNAS, doi.org/mf4
Name:
Professor Mark Pagel
Professor Mark Pagel - University of Reading
Job Title:
Academic, Philip Lyle Building
Contact Details
Email:
m.pagel@reading.ac.uk
Telephone:
+44 (0) 118 378 8900
Building:
403 Philip Lyle
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23496-european-and-asian-languages-have-one-mother-tongue.html
We are more connected than you think. Seven families of languages across the Eurasian continent, containing tongues as diverse as modern Inuit, Dravidian, Japanese, Greek and Hungarian, evolved from a single language that existed around the time of the last ice age. That's the conclusion of research that has traced linguistics thousands of years deeper into the past than was previously thought possible.The evolution of language is thought to have much in common with biological evolution. Scientists look for similarities between languages that hint at a common ancestor. Just as a fused bone or an extra finger in two species could suggest they shared a common ancestor, two words that have the same meaning and a similar sound in different languages – known as cognates – may indicate the same thing. For example, "brother" in English, "bhratar" in Sanskrit, "frater" in Latin and "frère" in French are all cognates.
Identifying cognates has helped linguists categorize modern languages into families that evolved from the same protolanguage. English, Swedish and Farsi are all part of the Indo-European language family that is thought to descend from proto-Indo-European, whereas Finnish and Hungarian are thought to descend from proto-Uralic.
But could most of the protolanguages on the Eurasian continent and even across the Bering Strait into Alaska be part of a superfamily that descended from a more ancient mother tongue – proto-Eurasian (see map)?
This idea has been knocking around for almost a century, says Mark Pagel at the University of Reading in the UK. "It's kind of an obvious idea – Eurasia is this contiguous landmass, and similar proposals have been made about the protolanguages of Australia and North America."
However, the existence of super families has, until now, been extremely hard to prove. Changes in languages pile up over time, so the further back you go, the fewer cognates there are to compare. What's more, similarities can arise purely by chance. Many researchers do not believe languages can be traced back further than about 8000 years.
"That's the argument that there's a limit on the time for which we can go back in historical linguistics," says Quentin Atkinson from the University of Auckland in New Zealand.
But now Pagel, Atkinson and colleagues have smashed through that limit, travelling further back in time than linguists have ever done before. They say that not only do their results suggest that the Eurasian superfamily exists, but that they have also been able to mathematically deduce its evolution.
The key to the breakthrough was the team's discovery in 2007 that the form of frequently used words evolves at a much slower pace than less common words. These conserved words, the team reasoned, were more likely to retain traces of their ancestry than words that evolved rapidly.
They then used this idea to predict which words in a database of Eurasian protolanguages were cognates, removing words that looked and sounded similar but were not high-frequency words. This eliminated fluke similarities.
The team then ran a list of these cognates – such as those meaning "I", "mother", "hand" and "fire" – through a statistical model that deduced the relationship between the words based on how quickly they changed with time. This gave a tree of the Eurasian superfamily whose common ancestor can be traced back 15,000 years.
"We found it remarkable that we got this 15,000-year result because it coincides beautifully with the retreat of the ice sheets after the last glacial maximum," says Pagel. "One realistic scenario is that the tree represents the expansion of human populations as the climate improved and more people could be supported."
Luisa Miceli, a historical linguist at the University of Western Australia in Perth, agrees that the result proves that the languages are closely connected, but she suggests they might be neighbours rather than siblings – with the words borrowed from one another rather than being true cognates.
However, she says the interesting questions about what factors were associated with the spread of these languages do not depend on whether they were part of a true superfamily or simply sets of languages that were in contact.All Indian languages is the major contributor for English language .Languages of India are divided into two large groups, the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages, with a smaller number of languages belonging to unrelated phyla such as Tibeto-Burman.
Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India . Sanskrit considered as mother of all languages ,presently not considered as living language
Sanskrit words :
- Ahimsa
- from Sanskrit अहिंसा ahiṃsā, which means "not-harmful".[1]
- Ambarella
- through Sinhalese: ඇඹරැල්ලා ultimately from Sanskrit: अम्बरेल्ला, a kind of tree.[2]
- Amrita
- from Sanskrit अमृतम् amṛtam, nectar of everlasting life.[3] (see Ambrosia)
- Aniline
- through German: Anilin, French: Aniline and Portuguese: Anil from Arabic النيل al-niliand Persian نیلا nila, ultimately from Sanskrit नीली nili.[4]
- Apadravya
- from Sanskrit which refers to a male genital piercing where a barbell passes through the penis. Mentioned in Indian literature in the Kama Sutra
- Aryan
- from Latin Ariana, from Greek Ἀρεία Areia, ultimately from Sanskrit आर्य Arya-s"noble, honorable".[5]
- Asana
- from Sanskrit आसन āsana which means "seat", a term describing yoga postures.[6]
- Ashram
- ultimately from Sanskrit आश्रम āśrama, a religious hermitage.[7]
- Atoll
- through Maldivean:އަތޮޅު probably ultimately from Sanskrit अन्तला antala.[8]
- Aubergine
- from Catalan alberginera, via Arabic (باذِنْجان al-badinjan) and Persian (بادنجان badin-gan) ultimately from Sanskrit वातिगगमvātigagama,[9] meaning aubergine or eggplant in American English.
- Avatar
- from Sanskrit अवतार avatāra, which means "descent", an avatar refers to the human incarnation of God during times of distress on earth. Thus, Krishna and Rāma were both avatars of Vishnu, who also manifested himself as an avatar many other times, ten of which are considered the most significant.[10]
- Ayurveda
- from Sanskrit आयुर्वेद āyurveda, which means "knowledge of life".[11]
B
- Bandana
- from Sanskrit बन्धन bandhan, "a bond".
- Banyan
- from Hindi baniyaa ultimately from Sanskrit वणिज् vaṇij, which means "a merchant".[12]
- Basmati
- through Hindi बासमती ultimately from Sanskrit वास vāsa.[13]
- Bahuvrihi
- from Sanskrit बहुव्रीहि bahuvrīhih, a composite word, meaning 'much rice.'[14]
- Beryl
- from Old French beryl, via Latin beryllus, Greek βήρυλλος and Prakrit वेलुरिय (veluriya) ultimately from Sanskrit वैडूर्य vaidūrya, of Dravidian origin, maybe from the name of Belur.[15]
- Bhakti
- from Sanskrit भक्ति bhakti, which means "loyalty".[16]
- Bhang
- from Hindi भांग bhang, which is from Sanskrit भङ्ग bhaṅga "hemp".[17]
- Bidi
- through Hindi बीड़ी ultimately from Sanskrit वितिक vitika.[18]
- Brahmin
- from Sanskrit ब्राह्मण brāhmaṇa, from brahman.[19]
- Brinjal
- from Persian بادنجان badingān, probably from Sanskrit भण्टाकी bhaṇṭākī.[20]
- Buddha
- from Sanskrit बुद्ध buddha, which means "awakened, enlightened", refers to Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism[21] Also refers to one who is enlightened in accordance with the teachings of Buddha or a likeness of Buddha[22]
C
- Cheetah
- which is from Sanskrit चित्रस chitra-s "uniquely marked".[23]
- Chuddar
- through Urdu چادر ultimately from Sanskrit छत्रम् chatram.[24]
- Chukar
- via Hindi चकोर cakor and Urdu چکور chukar ultimately from Sanskrit चकोर cakorah.[25]
- Chukker
- from Hindi चक्कर chakkar, from Sanskrit चक्र cakra, "a circle, a wheel".[26]
- Citipati
- from Sanskrit चिति पति citi-pati, which means "a funeral pyre lord".[27]
- Cot
- from Hindi खाट khaat "a couch", which is from Sanskrit खट्वा khatva.[28]
- Cowrie
- from Hindi कौड़ी kauri and Urdu کمتدب kauri, from Marathi कवडइ kavadi, which is ultimately from Sanskrit कपर्द kaparda.[29]
- Crimson
- from Old Spanish cremesin, via Medieval Latin cremesinus from Arabic قرمز qirmiz "a kermes", which is ultimately from Sanskrit कृमिज krmi-ja literally: "red dye produced by a worm."[30]
- Crocus
- from Greek κρόκος crocus, via Semitic languages (e.g. Hebrew כרכום karkōm, Aramaic ܟܟܘܪܟܟܡܡܐ kurkama, Persian andArabic كركم kurkum, which mean saffron or saffron yellow.[31]); ultimately from Sanskrit कुङ्कुमं kunkumam.[32]
D
- Dhal
- through Hindi दल dāl ultimately from Sanskrit दलह dalah, meaning cotyledon of a pea pod, a type of Indian food; also refers tolentils.[33]
- Das
- from Sanskrit दासा daasa, a slave or servant.[34]
- Datura
- through Latin and Hindi: धतूरा dhatūra "jimson weed" ultimately from Sanskrit धत्तुरह dhattūrāh, a kind of flowering plant.[35]
- Deodar
- through Hindi दोदर deodār ultimately from Sanskrit देवदारु devadāru, a kind of tree.[36]
- Deva
- from Sanskrit देवी deva, which means "a god", akin to Latin deus, "god".[37]
- Devi
- from Sanskrit देवी devi, which means "a goddess".[38]
- Dharma
- from Pali: धम्म dhamma and Sanskrit: धर्म; akin to Latin: firmus, meaning "conformity to one's duty and nature" and "divine law".[39]
- Dhoti
- through Hindi: धोती ultimately from Sanskrit धुनोति dhūnoti, traditional garment of men's wear in India.[40]
- Dinghy
- from Hindi दिन्गी dingi "a tiny boat", probably from Sanskrit द्रोणम drona-m.[41]
G
- Ganja
- via Hindi गज "Elephant bull" ultimately from Sanskrit गांजा gāñjā, which means "of hemp".[42]
- Gaur
- via Hindi गौर "white" ultimately from Sanskrit गौरह gaurah.[43]
- Gavial
- through French and Hindi घड़ियाल ghariyāl ultimately from Sanskrit घंतिक ghantikah, a kind of crocodile.[44]
- Gayal
- perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit गौह gauh via Bengali গযল্, a kind of animal.[45]
- Gharry
- perhaps finally from Sanskrit गर्त gartah via Hindi: गाड़ी, a kind of vehicle.[46]
- Ghee
- through Hindi: घी ultimately from Sanskrit: घृतं ghritam.[47]
- Guar
- through Hindi गार ultimately from Sanskrit गॊपलि gopālī, an annual legume.[48]
- Gunny
- via Hindi गोनी ultimately from Sanskrit गोणी goni "sack".[49]
- Gurkha
- via Nepalese गोर्खा ultimately from Sanskrit गोरक्ष goraksa, "a cowherd".[50]
- Guru
- via Hindi गुरु ultimately from Sanskrit गुरु guru-s, which means "a teacher".[51]
H
- Hanuman
- through Hindi हनुमान from Sanskrit Hanuman (हनुमान्), name of Hindu mythological God.[52]
- Hare Krishna
- from Sanskrit Hare (हरि) and Krishna (कृष्ण).[53]
- Himalaya
- from Sanskrit हिमालय himalayah, which means "place of snow".[54]
- Hindi
- from Hindi हिंद Hind, via Persian: هندو Hindu "Sind" ultimately from Sanskrit सिन्धु sindhu, which means "a river".[55]
J
- Jackal
- from Turkish çakal, from Persian شغال shaghal, from Middle Indic shagal, ultimately from Sanskrit शृगालः srgalah "the howler".[56]
- Jaggery
- via Portuguese jágara, jagre and Malayalam ഛക്കര chakkara perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit शर्करा sarkara derived from proto-Dravidian.[57]
- Juggernaut
- through Hindi जगन्नाथ jagannath ultimately from Sanskrit जगन्नाथ jagat-natha-s, which means "lord of the world".[58]
- Jungle
- through Hindi जंगल jangal "a desert, forest" ultimately from Sanskrit जंगल jangala-s, which means "arid".[59]
- Jute
- via Bengali পাট jhuto ultimately from Sanskrit जुतास juta-s, which means "twisted hair".[60]
K
- Karma
- from Sanskrit कर्म karman, which means "work, fate".[61]
- Kedgeree
- probably ultimately from Sanskrit कृशर krśara.[62]
- Kermes
- via French: Kermès, Arabic: قرمز qirmiz and Persian قرمز qermez; perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit: कृमिज kṛmija meaning "worm-made."[63]
- Kos
- through Hindi कोस kos ultimately from Sanskrit रोस krosah, which means "a call, a shout".[64]
- Krait
- through Hindi करैत karait probably ultimately from Sanskrit: काराइट, a kind of snake.[65]
L
- Lac
- through Urdu لاکھ, Persian لاک and Hindi लाख lakh from Prakrit लक्ख lakkha, ultimately from Sanskrit लाक्षम् laksham, meaning lac.[66]
- Lacquer
- through French: Laque and Portuguese: Laca from Arabic لك lakk, via Prakrit ultimately from Sanskrit लक्षं laksha.[67]
- Langur
- through Hindi लुट lut probably ultimately from Sanskrit लंगुलम langūlam.[68]
- Lilac
- via Arabic للك lilak from Persian نیلک nilak meaning "bluish", ultimately from Sanskrit नील nila, which means "dark blue".[69]
- Loot
- ultimately from Sanskrit लुण्टा lota-m or लून्त्ति luṇṭhati meaning "he steals" through Hindi लूट lūṭ, which means "a booty, stolen thing".[70]
M
- Maharajah
- through Hindi महाराजा ultimately from Sanskrit महा राजन् maha-rājān, which means "a great king".[71]
- Maharani
- through Hindi महारानी finally from Sanskrit महा रानी mahārājnī, which means "consort of a maharajah".[72]
- Maharishi
- from Sanskrit महर्षि maha-rishi, which means "a great sage".[73]
- Mahatma
- from Sanskrit महात्मा mahatman, which means "a great breath, soul".[74]
- Mahayana
- from Sanskrit महायान maha-yana, which means "a great vehicle".[75]
- Mahout
- via Hindi माहुत (variant of महावत) ultimately from Sanskrit महमत्रह् mahāmātrah.;[76]
- Mandala
- from Sanskrit मण्डल mandala, which means "a disc, circle".[77]
- Mandarin
- via Portuguese mandarim, Dutch mandorijn, Indonesian and Malay mantri or menteri, and Hindi मंत्री mantri "a councillor" ultimately from Sanskrit मन्त्रिन् mantri, which means "an advisor".[78]
- Mantra
- from Sanskrit मन्त्र mantra-s which means "a holy message or text".[79]
- Maya
- from Sanskrit माया māyā, a religious term related with illusion.[80]
- Mithras
- from Sanskrit मित्र Mitrah, which means "a friend".[81]
- Moksha
- from Sanskrit मोक्ष moksha, liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth.[82]
- Mugger
- via Hindi मगर and Urdu مگر magar ultimately from Sanskrit मकर makara ("sea creature"), like a crocodile, which attacks stealthily.[83]
- Mung bean
- through Hindi मुग mū̃g and Pali/Prakrit मुग्ग mugga ultimately from Sanskrit मुग्दह् mudgah, a kind of bean.[84]
- Musk
- via Middle English Muske, Middle French Musc, Late Latin Muscus and Late Greek μόσχος moskhos from Persian موشک mushk, ultimately from Sanskrit मुस्कस् muska-s meaning "a testicle", from a diminutive of मुस mus ("mouse").[85][86][87]
- Mynah
- through Hindi मैना maina ultimately from Sanskrit मदन madana-s, which means "love".[88]; Mother : ultimately from Sanskrit matru, which means "mother".
N
- Nainsook
- through Hindi नैनसुख nainsukh and Urdu نینسوکھ ultimately from Sanskrit नयनम्सुख् nayanam-sukh, meaning "pleasing to the eyes".[89]
- Namaste
- through Hindi ultimately from Sanskrit नमस्ते namaha-te, which means "I bow to you".[90]
- Nard
- through Old French narde and Latin nardus from Greek νάρδος nardos, perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit नलदम् naladam.[91]
- Narghile
- through French Narguilé and Persian نارگيله nārghīleh ultimately from Sanskrit नारिकेलः nārikelah.[92]
- Nark
- probably from Romany nak "a nose", via Hindi नक् nak ultimately from Sanskrit नक्र nakra.[93]
- Neem
- through Hindi निम् nīm ultimately from Sanskrit निम्बः nimbah, a kind of tree.[94]
- Nilgai
- through Hindi नीलगाय nīlgāy lit., blue cow ultimately from Sanskrit नीलगौः nīla-gauh, an ox-like animal.[95]
- Nirvana
- from Sanskrit निर्वाण nirvana-s which means "extinction, blowing out".[96]
O
- Opal
- through French opalle from Latin opalus from Greek ὀπάλλιος opallios, probably ultimately from Sanskrit औपल upalah.[97]
- Orange
- through Old French orenge, Medieval Latin orenge and Italian arancia from Arabic نارنج naranj, via Persian نارنگ narang and Sanskrit नारङ्ग naranga-s meaning "an orange tree", derived from proto-Dravidian.[98]
P
- Pundit
- via Hindi ultimately from Sanskrit
- Punch
- via Hindi "panch" and ultimately Sanskrit "panchan", meaning five. The original drink was made from five ingredients: alcohol, sugar, lemon, water, and tea or spices.[99]
R
- Raga
- via Hindi ultimately from Sanskrit राग rāgah, melodic modes used in Indian classical music.[100]
- Raita
- ultimately from Sanskrit रजिकतिक्तक rājikātiktakaḥ via Hindi रायता rāytā, a south Asian condiment and side dish made of yogurt and vegetables.[101]
- Raj
- through Hindi राज and Pali/Prakrit रज्ज rajja ultimately from Sanskrit राज्य rājya, which means "a king" or "kingdom." Raj means kingdom or domain of a ruler.[102]
- Rajah
- through Hindi राज from Sanskrit राजन् rājān, which means "a king".[103]
- Ramtil
- through Hindi ultimately from Sanskrit रामतिलः rāmatilah, which means "a dark sesame".[104]
- Rani
- through Hindi रानी ultimately from Sanskrit राज्ञी rājnī, consort of a rajah.[105]
- Rice
- via Old French ris and Italian riso from Latin oriza, which is from Greek ὄρυζα oryza, through an Indo-Iranian tongue finally from Sanskrit व्रीहिस् vrihi-s "rice", derived from proto-Dravidian.[106]
- Rupee
- through Hindi रुपया rupiyā ultimately from Sanskrit रूप्यकम् rūpyakam, an Indian silver coin.[107]
- Rye
- via Romani from Sanskrit राजा rājā; a gypsy man.[108]
S
- Saccharo-
- via Latin Saccharon and Greek σάκχαρον from Pali सक्खर sakkharā, ultimately from Sanskrit शर्करा sarkarā.[109]
- Sadhu
- ultimately from Sanskrit साधु sādhu meaning "good man."[110]
- Samadhi
- from Sanskrit समाधि samadhi, which means "putting together".[111]
- Sambal
- through Afrikaans, Indonesian and Tamil சம்பல் campāl ultimately from Sanskrit सम्बार sambhārei.[112]
- Sambar
- through Hindi ultimately from Sanskrit संभारह् śambarah, a kind of Asian deer.[113]
- Samsara
- from Sanskrit संसार saṃ-sāra, which means "passing through".[114]
- Sandal
- via Middle English sandell, Old French sandale, Medieval Latin sandalum, Medieval Greek σανδάλιον sandalion (diminutive of σάνδαλον sandalon) and Arabic and Persian صندل; perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit चन्दनम् candanam meaning "wood for burning incense;" this is the word sandalwood, not related to sandals which is a type of footwear.[115]
- Sandhi
- ultimately from Sanskrit संधि samdhih, a wide variety of phonological processes.[116]
- Sangha
- from Sanskrit संघ saṅgha, a community of Buddhist monks and nuns.[117]
- Sanskrit
- from Sanskrit संस्कृतम् samskrtam "put together, well-formed".[118]
- Sapphire
- via Old French saphir, Latin sapphirus and Greek σάπφειρος sappheiros from a Semitic tongue (c.f. Hebrew: ספיר sapir); possible ultimate origin in Sanskrit शनिप्रिय sanipriya which literally means "Sacred to Saturn (Shani)".[119]
- Sari
- through Hindi साड़ी sari and Prakrit सदि sadi, finally from Sanskrit षाटी sati "garment".[120]
- Satyagraha
- from Sanskrit सत्याग्रह satyagraha, which means "insisting on truth".[121]
- Sattva
- from Sanskrit सत्त्व sattvah, which means "truth".[122]
- Shaman
- through Russian шама́н from Tungus shaman, perhaps from Chinese 萨满 sha men, via Prakrit समन finally from Sanskrit श्रमणsramana-s "a Buddhist monk".[123]
- Shampoo
- via Anglo-Indian shampoo and Hindi चाँपो champo probably from Sanskrit चपयति capayati, which means "kneads".[124]
- Shawl
- from Persian شال shal, finally from Sanskrit सत्ल् satI, which means "a strip of cloth".[125]
- Siddha
- from Sanskrit सिद्ध siddhah, which means "achieved, accomplished".[126]
- Sikh
- through Hindi सिख sikh "a disciple", ultimately from Sanskrit शिक्षति siksati which means "studies".[127]
- Singh
- via Hindi सिंह Singh finally from Sanskrit सिंहः simhah which means "a lion".[128]
- Singapore
- via Malay Singapura ultimately from Sanskrit सिंहपुरं Simhapuram, literally "the lion city".[129]
- Sinhala
- from Sanskrit सिंहल Simhala which means "Sri Lanka".[130]
- Sinhalese
- from Sanskrit सिंहल simhala which means "of lions".[131]
- Sri Lanka
- from Sanskrit: श्री लंका which means "venerable island." It is said that Shree or Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth, resides there.
- Stupa
- from Sanskrit स्तूपः stūpah which means "crown of the head".[132]
- Sugar
- through Old French sucre, Italian zucchero, Medieval Latin succarum, Arabic: سكر sukkar and Persian: شکر shakar ultimately from Sanskrit शर्करा sharkara which means "ground or candied sugar" (originally "grit" or "gravel"), from proto-Dravidian.[133]
- Sunn
- via Hindi: सुन्न ultimately from Sanskrit: सन sāna, a kind of Asian plant.[134]
- Sutra
- from Sanskrit सूत्र sutram which means "a rule".[135]
- Suttee
- through Hindi finally from Sanskrit सती sati, which means "an honorable woman" or 'ideal wife', after the first wike of Lord Shiva[136]
- Swami
- through Hindi स्वामी swami ultimately from Sanskrit स्वामी svami, which means "a master".[137]
- Swastika
- from Sanskrit स्वस्तिक svastika, which means "one associated with well-being, a lucky charm" or Good, god fearing being. It is said to be the form of the Sun.[138]
T
- Taka
- via Maithili and Bengali: টাকা from Sanskrit तन्कह् tankah.[139]
- Talipot
- through Hindi, Indonesian and Malay talipat from Sanskrit तालपत्रम् tālapatram, a kind of tree.[140]
- Tendu
- via French "stretched" and Hindi ultimately from Sanskrit तालपत्रम् tainduka.[141]
- Tantra
- from Sanskrit तन्त्र tantram, which means "weave".[142]
- Teapoy
- via Hindi तिपाई tipāi and Urdu تپائي tipāʼī,which originated as a Sanskrit compound: त्रि (trí, “three”) and पाद (pā́da, “foot”).
- Thug
- through Marathi ठग and Hindi ठग thag probably ultimately from Sanskrit स्थग sthaga, which means "a scoundrel".[143]
- Til
- from Sanskrit तिल tilah, a kind of plant.[144]
- Toddy
- through Hindi तरी tari ultimately from Sanskrit तल tala-s, a Dravidian origin is also probable.[145]
- Tola
- via Hindi: तोला ultimately from Sanskrit तुला tulā, a traditional Indian unit of mass.[146]
- Toon
- through Hindi तुन tūn ultimately from Sanskrit तुन्नह् tunnah, a kind of tree.[147]
- Tope
- through Hindi टॉप ṭop probably from Prakrit थुपो thūpo, finally from Sanskrit स्तूप stūpah.[148]
- Tutty
- through Middle English tutie, Old French, Medieval Latin tūtia, Arabic توتي tūtiyā, and Persian توتیا ultimately from Sanskrit तुत्थंtuttham meaning "blue vitriol", a Dravidian origin is also probable.[149]
V
- Vimana
- from Sanskrit विमान vimana meaning plane, also referred to the top of the temple tower, sanctum santorum.[150]
- Vina
- ultimately from Sanskrit वीणा vīṇā through Hindi वीणा vīṇā, a kind of musical instrument.[151]
- vivid
- means 'various' seems to have been derived[citation needed] from Sanskrit " विविध " which has the same meaning
W
- Wanderoo
- through Sinhalese: වන්ඩෙරූ finally from Sanskrit वानर vānarah, a kind of monkey.[152]
- Wat
- via Thai: วัด ultimately from Sanskrit वात vātah meaning "an enclosure."[153]
Y
- Yoga
- through Hindi योग ultimately from Sanskrit योग yoga-s, which means "yoke, union".[154]
- Yogi
- through Hindi योगी yogi from Sanskrit योगिन् yogin, one who practices yoga or ascetic.[155]
Z
- Zen
- through Japanese 禅 and Chinese 禪 Chán ultimately from Pali झन jhāna and Sanskrit ध्यान dhyana, which means "a meditation".[156]
- Tulu known as the oldest living language showed us remarkable link .This is collected list of English language words of Tulu language origin . In some cases words have entered the English language by multiple routes - occasionally ending up with different meanings, spellings, or pronunciations, just as with words with European etymologies.
Tulu words :
Casu = Cash
Coir = kayaru for rope
Chutney = Chutney
Chipu = chip
Hatti = Hut
Copara =copra[coconut kernel]
one = onje
Gunni = Gunny bag
Sarpa = Serpent
Mongoose= mangoose
Lootunu =Loot
Siku = Sick
bouti = bounty
Poodei = Powder
Maruna katte =Market
Bottli = Bottle
Dockey = Dock
Bucke = Bucket
chitee= chit
Kautt = Cult
Beedi = beedi
Badu = Budd
mast = most
Mangey= monkey
Iilla = villa
Gu-well = well
Goli = Goal
Kappee = Coffee
Theaku = Teak
keyla = key
Atta = Attic
Soabunu = Soap
mastri = mason
achary[proffesional] = archery
Saheenu = Sign[signature]
choilly= chill, chilly
adeca =areca
kandu = land
Tary = fry
gajju = glass
mipeu =wipe
baine = pain
guoump =group
nailu= nail
barchu = brush
challel= squirrel
headae = head
Ladu= laddoo
kabadi/kabaddi = kabadi
pandal = pendal ,tent
coolie = estate labourer
Kajehup = ketchup
Citara = Guitar
Paplekaye =papaya
Bigele = whisile
bolu = bald
maruna-katte = market
Bangle= Banglow
po = go
Mardu =medic ,medicine
beeju = breeze
Cheerata = Cheeta
Sukare = Sugar
gaindu= gain
bare = bare
Petta[domestic animal = Pet
maida= maize
jenu hanny= honey
pathalla =patch
botate = potato
lootu = loot
repu =reap
popa =papa
rakusa = rukus
conttoo - cotton
wound - wound
showkey - showcase
bitae [beetae] - bit
kone - cone [shape]
sarpa - serpent
kesae - case
Journal reference: PNAS, doi.org/mf4
Name:
Professor Mark Pagel
Professor Mark Pagel - University of Reading
Job Title:
Academic, Philip Lyle Building
Contact Details
Email:
m.pagel@reading.ac.uk
Telephone:
+44 (0) 118 378 8900
Building:
403 Philip Lyle
